[614] In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. [59] Held first in Batumi Prison[60] and then Kutaisi Prison,[61] in mid-1903 he was sentenced to three years of exile in eastern Siberia. Either we do this or we'll be crushed. [504] Comintern was dissolved in 1943,[505] and Stalin encouraged foreign MarxistLeninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal. [511] In February 1943, the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered. [799] Stalin's favourite subject was history, closely followed by Marxist theory and then fiction. [208] Believing that victory was assured by numerical superiority, he sent large numbers of Red Army troops into battle against the region's anti-Bolshevik White armies, resulting in heavy losses; Lenin was concerned by this costly tactic. [346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". RED FAMINE: STALIN'S WAR ON UKRAINE by Anne Applebaum. [77] Amid the growing violence throughout Georgia he formed further Battle Squads, with the Mensheviks doing the same. [413] This mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party member Sergey Kirov was murdered. [442] The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria,[443] a man totally devoted to Stalin. [525], In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin's choosing. [621] In December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. [292] At the 14th Party Congress in December, they launched an attack against Stalin's faction, but it was unsuccessful. [474] To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. [50] Remaining underground, he helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities. "[322], In 1929, the Politburo announced the mass collectivisation of agriculture,[324] establishing both kolkhozy collective farms and sovkhoz state farms. [600], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. [611] At the second Cominform conference, held in Bucharest in June 1948, East European communist leaders all denounced Tito's government, accusing them of being fascists and agents of Western capitalism. [213], In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. The house where Joseph Stalin was born and where a young Joseph Stalin lived. As a result of his Five-Year Plans, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. [845] When she died, Stalin allegedly said: "This creature softened my heart of stone. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. [653] According to a report published in The New York Times, Stalin was poisoned with warfarin by his own Politburo members. In a surprising act of filial piety, Svetlana swiftly married again, this time to one of Stalin's close associates, Yuri Zhdanov. December 6) - March 5, 1953, usually transliterated Josef Stalin, consolidated power to become the absolute ruler of the Soviet Union between 1928 and his death in 1953. [720] The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. [136], Stalin's article Marxism and the National Question[137] was first published in the March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik journal Prosveshcheniye;[138] Lenin was pleased with it. The strategy included Soviet-Nazi collaboration and the Molotov . [912] In 1956, Khrushchev gave his "Secret Speech", titled "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", to a closed session of the Party's 20th Congress. [63] There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. "[839] Montefiore described Stalin's favoured types as "young, malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women,"[840] who would be supportive and unchallenging toward him. [145] He was sentenced to four years exile in Turukhansk, a remote part of Siberia from which escape was particularly difficult. Joseph Stalin Russia- what were conditions before took power. [219], The Bolsheviks won the Russian civil war by the end of 1919. [647] [54] His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom suspected that he might be an agent provocateur working for the government. He attracted a group of supporters through his classes in socialist theory[46] and co-organised a secret workers' mass meeting for May Day 1900,[47] at which he successfully encouraged many of the men to take strike action. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in "penal battalions" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. [56] After several strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass public demonstration which led to the storming of the prison; troops fired upon the demonstrators, 13 of whom were killed. The Soviet Union itself had only been formed a few years earlier in 1918, but when the communist leader . Many of Lenin's former lieutenants realized that Stalin was making himself a de-facto dictator. [618] Across Eastern Europe, the Soviet model was enforced, with a termination of political pluralism, agricultural collectivisation, and investment in heavy industry. What was the title of . [326] Although officially voluntary, many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks; others joined amid intimidation and violence from party loyalists. [537] Roosevelt and Churchill conceded to Stalin's demand that Germany pay the Soviet Union 20billion dollars in reparations, and that his country be permitted to annex Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in exchange for entering the war against Japan. [354] Nationalist sentiment among ethnic minorities was suppressed. [673] Economic reform scaled back the mass construction projects, placed a new emphasis on house building, and eased the levels of taxation on the peasantry to stimulate production. Lithuania To eradicate "enemies of the working class", Stalin instituted the Great Purge, in which over a million were imprisoned, largely in the Gulag system of forced labour camps, and at least 700,000 executed by government agents between 1936 and 1938. [552] At the conference, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a "Sovietization" of Eastern Europe. [720] Montefiore thought Stalin's brutality marked him out as a "natural extremist";[795] Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. [66] There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, Proletariatis Brdzola ("Proletarian Struggle"), with Philip Makharadze. [615] He gambled that the Western powers would not risk war, but they airlifted supplies into West Berlin until May 1949, when Stalin relented and ended the blockade. In Stalin's 1950 letter explaining his support for the North Korean invasion, the Soviet dictator was confident that . As the head of the Soviet Union from 1928-1953, Stalin used ruthless tactics to gain ultimate power and total control . [338] In 1928, the first five-year plan was launched, its main focus on boosting heavy industry;[339] it was finished a year ahead of schedule, in 1932. [797], Keenly interested in the arts,[798] Stalin admired artistic talent. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born as Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili) (18 December 1878 - 5 March 1953) (Name in Georgian ; Russian: ) was a Georgian-born Soviet politician who was dictator of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953 from a cerebral . [391] The Soviet government believed that food supplies should be prioritised for the urban workforce;[392] for Stalin, the fate of Soviet industrialisation was far more important than the lives of the peasantry. [562] He was quoted in Pravda on a daily basis and pictures of him remained pervasive on the walls of workplaces and homes. [334] Although he and Stalin had been close for many years,[335] Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old "war communism" policy and believed that it would fail. [450] He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. [120] In February 1912, Stalin again escaped to Saint Petersburg,[121] tasked with converting the Bolshevik weekly newspaper, Zvezda ("Star") into a daily, Pravda ("Truth"). [819], Stalin publicly condemned anti-Semitism,[820] although he was repeatedly accused of it. He was faced with the problem that there were few Marxists left in Eastern Europe, with most having been killed by the Nazis. [586] Much of this was constructed by prison labour. [668], Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. [321] By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. [711] He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 192526. [81] They launched attacks on the government's Cossack troops and pro-Tsarist Black Hundreds,[82] co-ordinating some of their operations with the Menshevik militia. [276] Stalin had much contact with young party functionaries,[277] and the desire for promotion led many provincial figures to seek to impress Stalin and gain his favour. [14] Ekaterine and Stalin left the home by 1883 and began a wandering life, moving through nine different rented rooms over the next decade. [623], At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western, anti-communist government in the south. [200] Lenin eventually convinced the other senior Bolsheviks of his viewpoint, resulting in signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. [391] Stalin would not acknowledge that his policies had contributed to the famine,[380] the existence of which was kept secret from foreign observers. [44], In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory. [293] Stalin in turn accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism and thus instability into the party. [889] Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an "unimpeded despot", noting that "powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless", and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited. [464], The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland, but the Finnish government refused. He is also responsible for one of the terrible purges in the history of the USSR that claimed millions of innocent lives. [150] Their second child, Alexander, was born circa April 1917. [77] Stalin formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try to keep Baku's warring ethnic factions apart; he also used the unrest as a cover for stealing printing equipment. [216] When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. [581], In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities,[582] and the USSR experienced a major famine from 1946 to 1947. [556] Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that "atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world. [612] Stalin ordered several assassination attempts on Tito's life and contemplated invading Yugoslavia. [439] His motives in doing so have been much debated by historians. [499] They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. [518], In Allied countries, Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global superpowers and entered a period of tension, the Cold War. 6 December]1878[1] 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and political theorist who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. [580] In the Leningrad Affair, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950. [931] In this literature, Stalin's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat "enemies of the people" or the result of lower-level officials acting without Stalin's knowledge. [100] In August 1907, he attended the Seventh Congress of the Second International an international socialist organisation in Stuttgart, Germany. [891] Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were "periodic manifestations" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. [620] Privately, Stalin revealed that he had underestimated the Chinese Communists and their ability to win the civil war, instead encouraging them to make another peace with the KMT. [349] The first major show trial in the USSR was the Shakhty Trial of 1928, in which several middle-class "industrial specialists" were convicted of sabotage. [934], Some positive sentiment can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. [136] The article was published under the pseudonym "K. Stalin",[139] a name he had used since 1912. [473] After the Tripartite Pact was signed by Axis Powers Germany, Japan, and Italy in October 1940, Stalin proposed that the USSR also join the Axis alliance. [677] A mass amnesty for certain categories of convicts was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953. [671] The collective leadership included the following eight senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, listed according to the order of precedence presented formally on 5 March 1953: Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan. [147] In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle. He had filled the administration of the Party with people who were loyal to him. [255] Residing at his Gorki dacha, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor. Churchill was concerned that this was the case and unsuccessfully tried to convince the U.S. that the Western Allies should pursue the same goal. [534] The Gulag system of forced labour camps was expanded further. [696] In his book, Foundations of Leninism, he stated that "Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution". [402] Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the Nazi Party in the Night of the Long Knives. After his death in 1924, there was considerable struggle within the Politburo of the Communist Party before Josef Stalin emerged as the top leader. 1. Through terror, murder, brutality and mass imprisonment, he modernized the Soviet economy. [755] His choice of favoured holiday house changed over the years,[756] although he holidayed in southern parts of the USSR every year from 1925 to 1936 and again from 1945 to 1951. [53], That month, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batum. Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, and Lenin lived at the Kremlin. [715] Ultimately he believed that all nations would merge into a single, global human community,[715] and regarded all nations as inherently equal. [36] Another influential text was Alexander Kazbegi's The Patricide, with Stalin adopting the nickname "Koba" from that of the book's bandit protagonist. [834] According to Montefiore, Stalin's friendships "meandered between love, admiration, and venomous jealousy". "[887] Service stated that Stalin "had come closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history" by the late 1930s. [894] Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides.[308]. [563], Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. Stalin's original Georgian name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (, While forced to give up control of the Secretariat almost immediately after succeeding Stalin as the body's, Although there is inconsistency among published sources about Stalin's exact date of birth, Ioseb Jughashvili is found in the records of the Uspensky Church in Gori, Georgia as born on 18 December (, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar of Defense of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar for Nationalities of the RSFSR, People's Commissar of Defense of the SovietUnion, Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies, robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank, Joseph Stalin during the Russian Revolution, Civil War, and the PolishSoviet War, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, granting Finland's request for independence in December, Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide, Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union), major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), as well as sitting members of the Central Committee, attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party of Great Britain (MarxistLeninist), Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin, History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization, "The USSR and the Former Italian Colonies, 194550", "New Study Supports Idea Stalin Was Poisoned", "Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says", " ' ", "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33: A Reply to Ellman", "Labor Misallocation and Mass Mobilization: Russian Agriculture during the Great War", "Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments", "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 19311934", "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence", "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria", "The Soviet-German War 194145 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay", "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. [39] Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism,[40] which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. [478] He formed a State Defense Committee, which he headed as Supreme Commander,[479] as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka),[480] with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. [663] The crowds of people coming to view the body were so large and disorganized that about 100 people were killed in the crush. [413] In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offences, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. Before September, 1922, Lenin's attitude toward Iosif Vissariono-vich Stalin had been favorable indeed; without Lenin's personal backing, Stalin would probably have remained lost in the back-water of Transcaucasia. 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