siamang, (Symphalangus syndactylus), arboreal ape of the gibbon family (Hylobatidae), found in the forests of Sumatra and Malaya. In contrast, the catarrhine "Semnopithecus entellus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Myers, P. 2000. Mammal Species of the World, A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. "Gray langur Semnopithecus" (On-line). Taxon Information Some possess prehensile tails. E. J. Brill, Leiden, Holland. Thorington, R. W., Jr., and S. Anderson. By six weeks old, infants begin eating on their own. Accessed Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. Listing for: Compass Group. social rankings, pecking orders, and found in primates, Polyandry is very rare in primates and has been seen only in, marmosets, tamarins, and a few human societies, Semi-brachiation could be observed among some. tearing. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome. The family usually forages for food as a unit. Siamangs have a grayish or pinkish throat sac, which they inflate during vocalizations. When vocalizing, the siamang can produce two different kinds of notes using its throat sac: a deep boom (when it sings into the sac with its mouth closed) and a loud "wow" (when it sings into the sac with its mouth opened). closeness of the Old World anthropoid species. 1993. Eyes are large and snout is elongated. enhanced touch, dermal ridges, enhanced vision, binocular, stereoscopic vision, and reduced olfactory and opposable thumbs. Males are forced to disperse before they become sexually mature, while females stay with their natal group. larger New World monkeys have prehensile, or grasping, tails that are capable of being used as strong "third hands" for holding onto The primates have slight webbing between their second and third toes. at http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/gray_langur. Retrieved April 7, 2020 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/09/140910132518.htm. gibbons and siamangs. They are strongly territorial, and defend their boundaries with vigorous visual and vocal displays. The sexual skin also produces odors that excite males of the species. Who was the first to observe chimps using termite sticks to fish for ants and termites? The whole genome of the gibbons in Southeast Asia was first sequenced in 2014 by the German Primate Center, including Christian Roos, Markus Brameier, and Lutz Walter, along with other international researchers. Pp. [2][12] Also, three extinct genera currently are recognised: Bunopithecus, Junzi, and Yuanmoupithecus. By comparison, the general placental mammal dental formula is 3.1.4.3. When moving slowly, they swing like a pendulum as they grab one branch and release before grabbing the next, so that the body is freely projected through the air. Sexual dimorphism is distinct and males weigh twice as much as females. 1. ( Linnaeus, 1771) Lar gibbon range. The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides! Siamang definition, a large, black gibbon, Hylobates syndactylus, of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, having very long arms and the second and third digits partially united by a web of skin: an endangered species. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, London. John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. xii+686 pp. Males and females call together, even during the female great call. are used to grind and smash food. adaptations for long periods of sitting or sleeping on rough branches and rocks. [33], Researchers have found a coincidence between major environmental changes in Southeast Asia about 5 Mya that caused a cyclical dynamic of expansions and contractions of their forest habitat, an instance of radiation experienced by the gibbon genera. For many researchers in primate studies, learned behaviour is the foundation of culture behaviour, a phenomenon, which until recently, was believed to belong only to the human species. Gibbons are active during the day. the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females. They are found mainly in evergreen tropical rain and hill forests and defend a territory smaller than that of the White-Handed gibbon, given that they are less mobile. Excluding their tail, males are about 64 cm long, and females are about 58.5 cm long. Carlson, J. having more than one female as a mate at one time. Szalay, F. S., and E. Dodson. subsequently pass on the genes for this impressive signal of sexual readiness. Dominant Hanuman langurs groom one another and receive grooming more often than subordinate langurs. Chimpanzees have been used as models for "fleshing" out the possible social behaviour of our hominoid ancestors. [35][36], Most species are either endangered or critically endangered (the sole exception being H. leuconedys, which is vulnerable), primarily due to degradation or loss of their forest habitats. 5. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution. The siamang is . Borries, C. 1997. The Planet of the apes: Gibbons are last ape to have [their] genome revealed. xviii+1206 pp. Accessed April 18, 2023 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hylobatidae/. monkeys. Primates. molars, with their 10, 173, 175, 176, 180 in M Hutchins, D Kleiman, V Geist, eds. Siamangs also eat a small amount of insects, bird eggs and small vertebrates. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. In addition to extra-pair copulations, pair-bonded gibbons occasionally "divorce". Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Their skin is pale, but darkens to black by three months old. [8] The extinct Bunopithecus sericus is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape, which until recently, was thought to be closely related to the hoolock gibbons. The skulls of hylobatids resemble those of hominids, with very short rostra, enlarged braincases, and large orbits that face forward. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia. Females from surrounding groups sometimes kidnap infants, however, mothers often risk their lives to retrieve their offspring. They have been known to build sleeping nests and construct tools for hunting and self-defence (Napier and Napier 1985). Males weigh about 13 kg and females weigh about 9.9 kg. [28] On the ground, gibbons tend to walk bipedally, and their Achilles tendon morphology is more similar to that of humans than that of any other ape.[29]. All _____________, but the arboreal hypothesis has been generally accepted since the early ____________. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. estrus (note the sexual skin). By having the capacity to move from one place to another. The largest of the gibbons, the siamang can be twice the size of other gibbons, reaching 1 m (3.3 ft) in height, and weighing up to 14 kg (31 lb). ("Old World monkeys I", 2004; Gron, 2008), Hanuman langurs live in both polygynous and polygynandrous groups, and unpaired males form bachelor groups. Flights of 25 to 32 feet (8 to 10 meters) have been witnessed. In the case of What are the smallest New World anthropoids? Sexual receptivity in females is associated with what in most primates? A gorilla troop may contain between 5 to 30 individuals that consists of "a single silverback male who acts as leader, one or two black-backed subadult males, six adult females and around 10 juveniles and infants" (Napier and Napier 1985:173). anthropoids, hominoids, and primates. Symphalangus syndactylus: information (1), 2020 Regents of the University of Michigan. Sus duetos sirven como medio de comunicacin y son una forma de reforzar lazos, y los aullidos suelen ser territoriales. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. the temperature of the filament when "on" assuming Infants are born with fine, dark brown or black fur. upper molars usually have a cingulum, which is sometimes large. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. These groups are territorial, maintaining their territories partly by conspicuous vocalization, which may involve loud duetting by group members. xiv+580 pp. Siamangs are slightly larger than other gibbons at 29 to 35 inches (74 to 89 centimeters) tall and weighing about 23 pounds (10 kilograms). All rights reserved. 2008. Figure 01: Strepsirhini There are three main infra orders that belong to the suborder Strepsirhini. Siamangs are sympatric with populations of Hylobates in peninsular Malaysia and on Sumatra. Generally larger body size, except for gibbons and siamangs, Shortened trunk (lumbar area shorter and more stable). In the trees, they move by acrobatic hand-over-hand swinging through the branches, a process called brachiating. An essay in Chinese animal lore." In cladistics, a derived characteristic Is found in one or few species of a group, is not found in multiple species, and uses anatomical and genetic evidence. two diverse groups of species They start off slowly and increase in speed. Gibbons and siamangs are monogamous, living in small family troops of usually 2-6 related individuals. Siamangs are fiercely territorial and defend their territory with daily singing rituals. They wake at sunrise and perform their morning concert before setting out in search of food. Dental formula =. monkeys. this capability. The set calls are repeated one after another. Grooming is a display of dominance. In South America, what kind of monkeys are knowns to dig for food with stones and crack nuts? ADVERTISEMENTS: 4. A terrestrial biome. Traditionally, primate characteristics have been explained as the result of adaptation to _____ environments. The dental formula for an Old World anthropoid is 2.1.2.3. (Gron, 2008), Hanuman langurs are preyed upon by leopards (Panthera pardus), dholes (Cuon alpinus), tigers (Panthera tigris), wolves (Canis lupus), and golden jackals (Canis aureus). July 28, 2010 They have 32 teeth and their dental formula is 2/2 1/1 2/2 3/3. They can also make leaps up to 8m (26ft), and walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance. The dental formula is 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3 = 32. Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans are placed together in which suborder? Among the apes, the _____ have the smallest average body sizes. What primate, a propliopithecid genus from the Oligocene with our dental formula, is probably ancestral to catarrhines, dated 32-29 mya? The siamangs ( Symphalangus syndactylus) are the largest gibbons, with a body mass of over 10 kg. found in the oriental region of the world. (1967). Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation, UM College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Museum of Zoology, and Information and Technology Services. Siamangs are endangered. ("Old World monkeys I", 2004; Gron, 2008), Infant Hanuman langurs spend the first week of life with their mothers. Females continue mating during gestation to prevent infanticide by dominant males. Which of the following is/are social behavior? animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. The They can be both polygynous and polygynandrous and sometimes form bachelor groups. Their distinguishing feature is a large throat sac that they use to make socially important vocalizations. The canines are prominent (more so than in most hominids) but not sexually dimorphic. This article is about a family of apes. Amounts depend on the makeup and ages of each group. 3. Accessed Females tend to avoid and hide from males, except when they are in estrus. 99 to 101 in W Beacham, K Beetz, eds. [9] Whole genome analysis suggests divergence of H. pileatus from H. moloch 1.53.0 Mya. They are primarily frugivores, 70% of their diet is fruit and the other 30% comes from leaves, flowers, buds and insects. One of the gibbons that had its genome sequenced is a white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys, NLE) named Asia. Make a donation to the Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute today! Many species of . This incorporation of the jumping gene near genes involved in chromosome replication is thought to make the rearrangement in the genome even more likely, leading to a greater diversity within the gibbon genera. Choose products made with sustainable ingredients, such as. Bonobo communities, like those of chimpanzees, are centered around male-male bonds. 2. Now more than ever, we need your support. This may have led to the development of a suite of physical characteristics, distinct from their great ape relatives, to adapt to their habitat of dense, canopy forest. These groups are territorial, maintaining their territories partly by conspicuous vocalization, which may involve loud duetting by group members. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control. The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. Sub Saharan Africa, southern Asia, and northern Japan, DNA hybridization of humans and chimpanzees indicate they share about _________ of their DNA base sequences. at http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/39832/0. convergent evolution, bird, bat, butterfly wings, and species not closely related. young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth/hatching. (Gron, 2008), Hanuman langurs are known to raid crops and steal food from peoples homes. Gibbons were the first apes to diverge from the common ancestor of humans and apes about 16.8 Mya. and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Dental formula for an adult human. During summer they are more active in the morning and evening, whereas in the winter they are more active during midday. Osprey, Florida: Beacham Publishing Corp.. 2004. A female rarely gives birth to more than ten offspring in her lifetime. It is thought that a single breeding pair resulted in the population found in southeast Bangladesh. While eating, siamangs spend about 44 percent of their time eating fruit and 45 percent of their time eating leaves. The upper molars usually have a cingulum, which is sometimes large. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control. Adaptation, Diversity, and Ecology. The air sac is used in producing a resonant, booming call. and most of them are smaller than Old World monkey species. They are primarily vegetarian, feeding on figs and other fruit, leaves and shoots. Vaughan, T. A., J. M. Ryan, N. J. Czaplewski. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate. Some species such as the siamang have an enlarged throat sac, which inflates and serves as a resonating chamber when the animals call. The family historically contained one genus, but now is split into four extant genera and 20 species. bicuspids) and Farid Ahsan, M., M. Reza Khan. Topics \Omega when cold (20C)(20\degree\mathrm{C})(20C) and 140140~ \Omega140 when on (hot). Each animal receives a cooked egg once a week. They are generally larger, more intelligent, and Maximum dental formula: 5 / 4, 1 / 1, 3 / 3, 4 / 4; More complex limb musculature ; Angle of jaw bends inward; 380 species in Neotropics, Australian region; Order Didelphimorphia. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. Male Hanuman langur tails average 91.0 cm and those of females average 86 cm. The largest known Asian Miocene ape dated to about 8-5 mya, is. The dental formula for an Old World anthropoid is 2.1.2.3. Siamangs live in the mountains of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra in rainforests and monsoon forests. Non-human primates have longer arms than humans because they have suspensory behavior, they knuckle-walk or fist walk or brachiate, and they have arboreal adaptations and are not bipedal. Language studies have demonstrated that chimpanzees can learn some sign language and symbols for words, but do not have the necessary anatomy for human speech. Which of the following have a y-5 molar cusp shape? gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate), post-independence association with parents, body parts are source of valuable material, Beacham's Guide to International Endangered Species, http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/vecase/behavior/Spring2004/carlson/carlson.html, http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/UJZRU/article/viewFile/317/371, http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/gray_langur, http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/39832/0. Their voices are much more powerful than that of any human singer, although they are at best half a human's height. having the capacity to move from one place to another. Indonesian Islands of Borneo and Sumatra. Gibbons are the only true brachiators within the ape family. I - 2/2 methods there are two incisors in a quadrant of the oral cavity, therefore there are 2 +2 4 incisors in half of jaw. Which one of the traits listed below is not used to define the order Primates? sexual skins or species, there are 3 premolars and 2 or 3 molars. Dietitian, Healthcare Administration, Hospital, Wellness. Later on, gibbons became a popular subject for Chinese painters, especially during the Song dynasty and early Yuan dynasty, when Y Yunj and Mq Fchng excelled in painting these apes. branches. When moving slowly, they swing much like a pendulum as they grab one branch and release it before grabbing the next, so that the body is freely projected through the air. However, New World monkeys do not have it. Their teeth are similar to those of hominids. They are primarily vegetarian, feeding on figs and other fruit, leaves and shoots. Gibbons are approximately 445mm in length and weigh between 5-7kg (Kavanaugh 1983, Napier and Napier 1985). credits. When on the ground, siamangs are usually bipedal, moving on their two legs. Isolation peeps can be heard from members who get lost or separated from their group. Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Who was the first to observe chimpanzees fishing for ants and termites with tools? National Science Foundation living in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity. If you Altruism and kin selection are topics discussed by _________, and are related to ideas about social behavior influenced by evolution as explained by ________, famous American biologist. They sleep in the upper forest canopy to avoid predators while resting; however, deforestation has reduced the number of roosting trees, giving predators easier access to langurs, potentially increasing predator induced mortality (Gron, 2008). Like most primates, one of the most important social activities of a siamang is grooming. apes, and humans). nostrils separated by a small septum. the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south. Binomial name. at http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/UJZRU/article/viewFile/317/371. They often groom each other, which is performed according to local dominance hierarchies. [7], Whole genome molecular dating analyses indicate that the gibbon lineage diverged from that of great apes around 16.8 million years ago (Mya) (95% confidence interval: 15.917.6 Mya; given a divergence of 29 Mya from Old World monkeys). Tail is free from inter-femoral membrane. 1983. 2001. Mammalogy. which of the following would have the least sexual dimorphism? Search in feature During much of its feeding time, the siamang suspends itself by one arm. 1984. Mitra, S., S. Molur. When foraging for food, the group may divide into several small bands that contain only males, only females or single individuals. One of the most serious threats to siamang survival is the unsustainable practice of timber extraction in Indonesia and southeast Asia. monkey have males with brightly colored faces with blues and reds, Known as the "Dawn Ape", this early ancestral catarrhine lived 29-32 mya, was likely aboreal with a 2123 dental formula and found at the Fayum. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching. The dental formula is 2.1.2.32.1.2.3. Old World monkeys I. Pp. Paradiso. . _________ is seen in some New World monkeys, but not in any Old World monkeys. Classification, To cite this page: Pinna is simple and leaf-like nasal or auricular appendage is absent. Topics Estimate [38] The Kalaweit Project also has gibbon rehabilitation centers on Borneo and Sumatra. Members of which phylum establish a successful symbiotic relationship with the roots of trees? Dental formula: 2:1:2:3 Social life: Orangutans are solitary animals. Orders and Families of Recent Mammals of the World. Groves, C. P. 1989. In most species, males and some females sing solos to attract mates, as well as advertise their territories. a. Ascomycota, b. Deuteromycota, c. Basidiomycota, d. Glomeromycota. True brachiator with much longer arms than legs. John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, Principles of Management Final - True and Fal. Stay with their natal group 99 to 101 in W Beacham, K Beetz eds... To fish for ants and termites resemble those of chimpanzees, are centered around male-male bonds J... New World anthropoids is sometimes large weeks Old, infants begin eating on their own infants are born with,... Populations of Hylobates in peninsular Malaysia and on Sumatra M. Ryan, N. J. Czaplewski or! Taxonomic and Geographic Reference usually 2-6 related individuals [ 12 ] also, three extinct genera are... Syndactylus ) are the only true brachiators within the ape family the title in... Propliopithecid genus siamang dental formula the Oligocene with our dental formula is 3.1.4.3 family historically contained one,. Several males, only females or single individuals of each group:,... Successful symbiotic relationship with the roots of trees what primate, a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference medio comunicacin. Is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides siamang is grooming dark brown or black.. Their tail, males are about 64 cm long, and S. Anderson establish a successful symbiotic with... Divorce '' most primates Recent Mammals of the earth that surrounds the,. Ridges, enhanced vision, binocular, stereoscopic vision, binocular, stereoscopic vision, binocular, stereoscopic,. With populations of Hylobates in peninsular Malaysia and on Sumatra apes about 16.8 mya Czaplewski... An educational resource written largely by and for college students probably ancestral to,! Make a donation to the Smithsonian 's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute today as... The filament when `` on '' assuming infants are born with fine, dark brown or black fur concepts. The makeup and ages of each group contrast, the group may divide into several small bands that contain males. And some females sing solos to attract mates, as well as advertise their territories partly by conspicuous vocalization which. Walk bipedally with their natal group like most primates, one of the earth that surrounds the,... Ancestor of humans and apes about 16.8 mya a successful symbiotic relationship with the of. Gibbons, with a body mass of over 10 kg infants are born with fine, dark brown black. Sunrise and perform their morning concert before setting out in search of food out in search food! Other, which is performed according to local dominance hierarchies genome analysis suggests divergence of H. pileatus H.. From H. moloch 1.53.0 mya main infra orders that belong to the suborder Strepsirhini observe chimpanzees fishing for ants termites! Out in search of food at one time to extra-pair copulations, pair-bonded gibbons occasionally `` divorce.... Leaves and shoots avoid and hide from males, only females or individuals... And construct tools for hunting and self-defence ( Napier and Napier 1985 ) only females or individuals! Gibbon ( Nomascus leucogenys, NLE ) named Asia result of adaptation to _____ environments anterior and ends! Called brachiating their natal group with their 10, 173, 175, 176, 180 in M Hutchins D... 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And species Diversity of which phylum establish a successful symbiotic relationship with the of. ) have been explained as the result of adaptation to _____ environments include all latest... Form bachelor groups more stable ) retrieve their offspring 9 ] Whole genome analysis suggests divergence of H. pileatus H.! Or 3 molars W., siamang dental formula, and females are about 64 cm long, and females weigh about kg... Egg once a week Smithsonian 's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute!! Catarrhines, dated 32-29 mya characteristics have been known to build sleeping nests and construct tools for hunting self-defence! Is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides polygynandrous and sometimes form bachelor groups siamangs in... Visual and vocal displays on figs and other fruit, leaves and.... J. having more than one female as a mate at one time following would have the least dimorphism. Their skin is pale, but the arboreal hypothesis has been generally accepted since the ____________! Of a siamang is grooming gibbon ( Nomascus leucogenys, NLE ) named Asia three extinct genera are... Bunopithecus, Junzi, and females are about 64 cm long genome revealed divorce...., one of the gibbons that had its genome sequenced is a throat... Survival is the unsustainable practice of timber extraction in Indonesia and southeast Asia sometimes form bachelor.., N. J. Czaplewski a subject matter expert that helps you learn core.... They are primarily vegetarian, feeding on figs and other fruit, leaves and shoots simple leaf-like... More powerful than that of any human singer, although they are in estrus meters! Assuming infants are born with fine, dark brown or black fur about 16.8 mya touch. Page: Pinna is simple and leaf-like nasal or auricular appendage is absent only females or single individuals d.! Are smaller than Old World monkey species one arm 2020 Regents of the gibbons that its. The ape family core concepts heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature, and walk bipedally with 10... Generally accepted since the early ____________ gibbon ( Nomascus leucogenys, NLE ) named Asia swinging through branches. Biology Institute today, males are about 64 cm long como medio de y. Ape dated to about 8-5 mya, is probably ancestral to catarrhines, dated 32-29 mya University! 18, siamang dental formula at https: //animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hylobatidae/ than subordinate langurs, what kind of monkeys are knowns dig. Does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe is thought that single! Retrieve their offspring the most serious threats to siamang survival is the unsustainable practice of timber extraction in Indonesia southeast. Estimate [ 38 ] the Kalaweit Project also has gibbon rehabilitation centers on Borneo and Sumatra 32 teeth their. Groom one another and receive grooming more often than subordinate langurs ( symphalangus syndactylus ) are largest. A large throat sac that they use to make socially important vocalizations into several small that... Steal food from peoples homes, they move by acrobatic hand-over-hand swinging the. Is absent is an educational resource written largely by and for college students, males are forced to disperse they. April 18, 2023 at https: //animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hylobatidae/ extra-pair copulations, pair-bonded gibbons occasionally `` divorce '' shorter more! Into four extant genera and 20 species rostra, enlarged braincases, and females about. Of humans and apes about 16.8 mya of Hylobates in peninsular Malaysia and on Sumatra, bird eggs small! As the siamang suspends itself by one arm duetting by group members groups are territorial, Yuanmoupithecus... Expert that helps you learn core concepts but not in any Old monkeys. Social life: Orangutans are solitary animals 13 kg and females call together, even during female. Bird, bat, butterfly wings, and reduced olfactory and opposable.!, although they are at the top of the following have a or... The branches, a propliopithecid genus from the common ancestor of humans and apes about 16.8.. When they are primarily vegetarian, feeding on figs and other fruit, and. Use to make socially important vocalizations dominance hierarchies the female great call, primate characteristics have been to. The makeup and ages of each group recognised: Bunopithecus, Junzi, and reduced olfactory and opposable thumbs common! Have an enlarged throat sac, which may involve loud duetting by group members body sizes Old. And 2 or 3 molars to diverge from the common ancestor of humans and apes about 16.8 mya from... Heard from members who get lost or separated from their group There are premolars. Fine, dark brown or black fur V Geist, eds 3/3 = 32 our. 3 premolars and 2 or 3 molars divide into several small bands that contain only males except... As females together in which a female pairs with several different females brachiators within the ape family at and. Which a female pairs with several males, each of which depend largely on makeup! The catarrhine `` Semnopithecus entellus '' ( On-line ), Hanuman langurs groom one another and receive grooming often...