They largely refrained from slaughtering commoners and nobility, instead choosing to ransom them to their home states and primarily executing only those who fought after the surrender. Among many modern historians, the fall of Constantinople is considered the end of the medieval period. [20]:374 The Ottomans deployed a number of cannons, anywhere from 12 to 62 cannons. Robert of Clari was a knight from Picardy who took part in the Fourth Crusade, which ended with the capture of Constantinople in 1204. The Ottoman galleys were too short to capture the tall European warships, and, with the help of the Golden Horn fleet, the warships safely sailed past the chain. The city was located between Asia and Europe, making it a very diverse and strategic place. They were built at foundries that employed Turkish cannon founders and technicians, most notably Saruca, in addition to at least one foreign cannon founder, Orban (also called Urban). When most of Constantinople was secure, Mehmed himself rode through the streets of the city to the great cathedral of Hagia Sophia, the largest in all of Christendom, and converted it into the mosque Ayasofya. On 23 May, the Byzantines captured and tortured two Turkish officers, who revealed the location of all the Turkish tunnels, which were destroyed.[60]. He asserted this claim with a series of campaigns that thoroughly subjugated both the Balkans and Greece by the late 15th century. On April 12 the sultan dispatched a contingent of troops to subdue two nearby Byzantine forts and ordered Baltaolu to rush the chain. Russian claims to Byzantine heritage clashed with those of the Ottoman Empire's own claim. It can serve as a formative or final assessment in a unit on medieval Islamic civilization, an introduction to DBQs and DBQ writing, or a class activity to help teach the fall of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire, or the Ottoman Empire. [54] This train included Orban's enormous cannon, which was said to have been dragged from Edirne by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men. Ottoman Empire annexes the remaining Byzantine territories with some exceptions; Constantinople becomes its new capital. My friends and men of my empire! It is estimated that perhaps 60 million people lived within its borders. Headed for a fall At its peak in 117 CE, the Roman Empire covered some 2.3 million square miles (5.9 million square kilometers) over three continents, Africa, Asia, and Europe. [98] After the conquest many Greeks, such as John Argyropoulos and Constantine Lascaris, fled the city and found refuge in the Latin West, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy and other regions that further propelled the Renaissance. Sources hostile towards the Genoese (such as the Venetian Nicol Barbaro), however, report that Longo was only lightly wounded or not wounded at all, but, overwhelmed by fear, simulated the wound to abandon the battlefield, determining the fall of the city. This was once thought to be the origin of the Ottoman millet system; however, it is now considered a myth and no such system existed in the fifteenth century. [12] The vast majority of the citizens of Constantinople (30,000-50,000) were forced to become slaves. The land walls spanned 4 miles (6.5 km) and consisted of a double line of ramparts with a moat on the outside; the higher of the two stood as high as 40 feet (12 metres) with a base as much as 16 feet (5 metres) thick. This pair of fortresses ensured complete control of sea traffic on the Bosphorus[20]:373 and defended against attack by the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea coast to the north. Genoese and Catalan troops were stationed at the Great Palace; Cardinal Isidore of Kiev guarded the tip of the peninsula near the boom. Pengepungan terakhir Konstantinopel, miniatur Prancis abad ke-15 kontemporer. In the evening, a solemn last ceremony of Vespers was held in the Hagia Sophia, in which the Emperor with representatives and nobility of both the Latin and Greek churches partook. Ultimately, his fate remains unknown. Constantinople, from letters sent to the Austrian Emperor, 1554 to 1562 "The sultan's hall was crowded . The fall of Constantinople in 1453 was one of the most influential events in history and marked the end of the Byzantine Empire. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. He graduated from the University of Chicago in 2021. [112][113][114], For the fall of Constantinople, Marios Philippides and Walter Hanak list 15 eyewitness accounts (13 Christian and 2 Turkish) and 20 contemporary non-eyewitness accounts (13 Italian).[115]. For Genoas part, the city-state sent 700 soldiers to Constantinople, all of whom arrived in January 1453 with Giovanni Giustiniani Longo at their head. [53] Orban initially tried to sell his services to the Byzantines, but they were unable to secure the funds needed to hire him. [75] The elder refugees in the Hagia Sophia were slaughtered and the women raped. . These were the three Genoese ships sent by the Pope, joined by a large Imperial transport ship which had been sent on a foraging mission to Sicily previous to the siege and was on its way back to Constantinople. [citation needed] Ottoman casualties are unknown but they are believed by most historians to be severe due to several unsuccessful Ottoman attacks made during the siege and final assault. Now, at this happy and joyful moment of time, we have the riches of the Greeks, we have won their empire, and their religion is completely extinguished. A small fleet of naval and armed merchant vessels were also stationed in the Golden Horn to defend the chain. [31]:147 Another legend refers to the Marble Emperor (Constantine XI), holding that an angel rescued the emperor when the Ottomans entered the city, turning him into marble and placing him in a cave under the earth near the Golden Gate, where he waits to be brought to life again (a variant of the sleeping hero legend). The land fortifications consisted of a 60ft (18m) wide moat fronting inner and outer crenellated walls studded with towers every 4555 metres.[39]. Constantinople-1453!! Constantinople itself became an Ottoman vassal during this period. Fall of Rome . 1 - Internal Strife. As Byzantine numbers were insufficient to occupy the walls in their entirety, it had been decided that only the outer walls would be guarded. Since ancient times, cities and castles had depended upon ramparts and walls to repel invaders. They are not such very ancient events nor of such a sort as to be forgotten through the lapse of time. He then ordered a muezzin ascend the pulpit and sound a prayer[89][90] The Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque, but the Greek Orthodox Church was allowed to remain intact and Gennadius Scholarius was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople. On April 6 the Ottomans began their artillery barrage and brought down a section of the wall. Stephanie's History Store. San Stefano peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. This section of the walls had been built earlier, in the 11th century, and was much weaker. "[101], The news spread rapidly across the Islamic world. The Byzantines knew him by the Latin spelling of his name, "John Justinian", named after the famous 6th century Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great. The city was mainly populated by Christians and now has become an Islamic city. We are going to learn more about why Constantinople was so successful and how it benefited the Eastern Roman Empire A devastating blow to Christendom, the loss of Constantinople led Pope Nicholas V to call for an immediate crusade to recover the city. [31]:92 The sea walls were guarded more sparsely, with Jacobo Contarini at Stoudion, a makeshift defence force of Greek monks to his left hand, and Prince Orhan at the Harbour of Eleutherios. Since the mutual excommunications of 1054, the Pope in Rome was committed to establishing unity with the eastern church. The account of the cannon's collapse is disputed,[3][pageneeded] given that it was only reported in the letter of Archbishop Leonardo di Chio[47] and in the later, and often unreliable, Russian chronicle of Nestor Iskander. "[83], Mehmed stabbed to death another 14 year old Christian boy who "preferred death to infamy". 197-205. Even France, once a fervent participant in the Crusades, became an ally of the Ottomans. [20]:374[31]:7778 There was another large bombard, independently built by Turkish engineer Saruca, that was also used in the battle.[51][52]. PDF. A fictionalized account of the Fall of Constantinople features in the opening chapter of Death's End by Liu Cixin. While Mehmed II had been steadily preparing for the siege of Constantinople, he had sent the old general Turakhan and the latter's two sons, Ahmed Beg and Omar Beg, to invade the. [40]:39 In addition, the defenders were relatively well-equipped with a fleet of 26 ships: 5 from Genoa, 5 from Venice, 3 from Venetian Crete, 1 from Ancona, 1 from Aragon, 1 from France, and about 10 from the empire itself. This device was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of extending the siege until the possible arrival of foreign help. Constantinople is an ancient city in modern-day Turkey that's now known as Istanbul. The Discussion after the Arrival of Alexis. Constantine's men eventually could not prevent the Ottomans from entering the city and the defenders were overwhelmed at several points along the wall. Given abundant funds and materials, the Hungarian engineer built the gun within three months at Edirne. [20]:373 But Mehmed's mild words were not matched by his actions. a year ago. Some Western individuals, however, came to help defend the city on their own account. According to Sphrantzes, whom Constantine had ordered to make a census, the Emperor was appalled when the number of native men capable of bearing arms turned out to be only 4,983. The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. [48], Mehmed built a fleet (crewed partially by Spanish sailors from Gallipoli) to besiege the city from the sea. Their fleet moved from Gallipoli to nearby Diplokionion, and the sultan himself set out to meet his army. After Diocletian died, a new emperor named Constantine (ruled 306-337 A.D.) would move the capital of Rome to the Greek city of Byzantium, which became known as Constantinople (he named it after himself). 60,000-80,000 in total (modern sources)[4][5]. Ascending to the Ottoman throne in 1451, Mehmed II began making preparations to reduce the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. Five books have been chosen to review different speculations on . Islambol (, Full of Islam) or Islambul (find Islam) or Islam(b)ol (old Turkic: be Islam), both in Turkish, were folk-etymological adaptations of Istanbul created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. These Turks kept loyal to the Emperor and perished in the ensuing battle. [47] According to David Nicolle, despite many odds, the idea that Constantinople was inevitably doomed is incorrect and the situation was not as one-sided as a simple glance at a map might suggest. Conquerors DBQ: Mongols and Ottomans Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow in the space provided. Which leader moved the Capital City of Byzantine to Constantinople. Edit. [31]:145[85] Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war. The Fall of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire began in 27 BC. A more realistic modern estimate predicts a fleet strength of 110 ships comprising 70 large galleys, 5 ordinary galleys, 10 smaller galleys, 25 large rowing boats, and 75 horse-transports. Emperor Constantine deemed it necessary to ensure that the Blachernae district's wall was the most fortified because that section of the wall protruded northwards. Stefan Duan, Tsar of Serbia, and Ivan Alexander, Tsar of Bulgaria, both made similar claims, regarding themselves as legitimate heirs to the Roman Empire. It is said that Constantine, throwing aside his purple imperial regalia, led the final charge against the incoming Ottomans, perishing in the ensuing battle in the streets alongside his soldiers. [69]:37. Robert of Clari's account of the Fourth Crusade. This section was considered the weakest spot in the walls and an attack was feared here most. [note 4] At the onset of the siege, probably fewer than 50,000 people were living within the walls, including the refugees from the surrounding area. After the fall of Rome, popes gradually emerged as powerful figures in western Europe. Many Greek soldiers ran back home to protect their families, the Venetians retreated to their ships and a few of the Genoese escaped to Galata. During three days of pillaging, the Ottoman invaders captured children and took them away to their tents, and became rich by plundering the imperial palace and the houses of Constantinople. The oldest boy, renamed Murad, became a personal favourite of Mehmed and served as Beylerbey (Governor-General) of Rumeli (the Balkans). There were lamentations and weeping in every house, screaming in the crossroads, and sorrow in all churches; the groaning of grown men and the shrieking of women accompanied looting, enslavement, separation, and rape.[78]Mehmed entered the Hagia Sophia, marveling at the sight of the grand basilica. The fall of the city removed what was once a powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion, allowing for uninterrupted Ottoman expansion into eastern Europe. The Empire of Trebizond, an independent successor state that formed in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, was also present at the time on the coast of the Black Sea. Updates? This allowed the sultan to send in another Janissary regiment and take the inner wall at the Gate of St. Romanus. Rome had tangled with Germanic tribes for centuries, but. By March 1453 Urbans cannon had been transported from the Ottoman capital of Edirne to the outskirts of Constantinople. Fall of Rome Essay In 476 C.E. Other troops under Zagan Pasha were employed north of the Golden Horn. In the west, Latin was the language of scholars, diplomats, and the church. Tanggal. V. THE SACK OF CONSTANTINOPLE l. The force consisted of around 4,500 knights and their squires, up to 14,000 infantry, and 20,000-30,000 Venetians. Rumours of Constantine XI's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel led many to hope that the city would one day return to Christian hands. Our ancestors eagerly desired to achieve this; rejoice now since it is your bravery which has won this kingdom for us. The army defending Constantinople was relatively small, totalling about 7,000 men, 2,000 of whom were foreigners. He further declared the restoration of houses and property to those who had abandoned our city before the siege. The sultan had Pere Juli, his sons and the consul Joan de la Via, amongst others, beheaded. SS.912.W.2.1 Locate the extent of Byzantine territory at the height of the empire. [76] George Sphrantzes says that people of both genders were raped inside Hagia Sophia. [74], According to Nicolas de Nicolay, slaves were displayed naked at the city's slave market, and young girls could be purchased. One cause of the collapse of the western Roman Empire was the empire's vast (fill in the blank) Size. Original text: ' ' . Mehmed ordered the construction of a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn and dragged his ships over the hill, directly into the Golden Horn on 22 April, bypassing the chain barrier. The Ottomans had a much larger force. In fact, the new fortress was called Boazkesen, which means "strait-blocker" or "throat-cutter". Document 1: Why. Mehmed cut him down with his Kilij: Be satisfied with the booty and the captives; the buildings of the city belong to me.[79], During the festivities, and as he had promised his viziers and his other officers, Mehmed had the wretched citizens of Constantinople dragged before them and ordered many of them to be hacked to pieces, for the sake of entertainment.[80][81], Byzantine historian Doukas claims that, while drunk during his victory banquet, the Sultan ordered the Grand Duke Loukas Notaras to give his youngest son to him for his pleasure. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. [3][pageneeded][46][47][note 9], With Giustiniani's Genoese troops retreating into the city and towards the harbour, Constantine and his men, now left to their own devices, continued to hold their ground against the Janissaries. "[29]:59, For others, there was still a distant hope that the lights were the campfires of the troops of John Hunyadi who had come to relieve the city. The Knights of St. John on Rhodes write of the city's fall and Turkish plans to the Margrave of Brandenburg in Jerusalem. Hungary was the primary European threat to the Ottomans on land, and Venice and Genoa controlled much of the Aegean and Black seas. The Venetian Alviso Diedo commanded the ships in the harbour. By 1450, the empire was exhausted and had shrunk to a few square kilometers outside the city of Constantinople itself, the Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara and the Peloponnese with its cultural center at Mystras. "Constantinople: city of the world's desire." New York, 1996. Girolamo Minotto[el; es; fr; it] and his Venetians were stationed in the Blachernae Palace, together with Teodoro Caristo, the Langasco brothers, and Archbishop Leonardo of Chios. Constantinople DBQ Historical Context: Constantinople's location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire Task: Using evidence from the documents, write a paragraph discussing three ways Constantinople's location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire. . [26] This calculation was boosted by Mehmed's friendly overtures to the European envoys at his new court. The Fall of Constantinople is depicted in Season 1 of the Netflix series Rise of Empires: Ottoman. View Constantinople DBQ.docx from HIST 1110/07 at Kennesaw State University. Today Constantinople is known as Istanbul it is the largest and most vibrant city in Turkey with a population greater than 12 million residents (although not the capital, which is Ankara). [20]:377 On 28 May, as the Ottoman army prepared for the final assault, mass religious processions were held in the city. The fall of Constantinople led competing factions to lay claim to being the inheritors of the Imperial mantle. Janissaries, led by Ulubatl Hasan, pressed forward. [31]:108[56] With the failure of their attack on the Ottoman vessels, the defenders were forced to disperse part of their forces to defend the sea walls along the Golden Horn. The main effect of the fall of Constantinople in 1453 was the downfall of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. [20]:378 Prayer and resting was then granted to the soldiers on 28 May before the final assault would be launched. "[31]:152, Looting was carried out on a massive scale by sailors and marines who entered the city via other walls before they had been suppressed by regular troops, who were beyond the main gate. [note 10]. The Byzantine Empire through Primary Sources DOCUMENT 4 Laws of Justinian (529-534CE) Besides the Hagia Sophia the other major accomplishment of the Roman's (of Byzantine Empire) during the reign of Justinian was the Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian's Code).Which took centuries of built up Roman law and codified/standardized it for the empire. Mehmed was determined to take the Golden Horn and pressure the Byzantines into submission. They fought as allies against the Latin establishments, but also fought among themselves for the Byzantine throne. [65] The looting was extremely thorough in certain parts of the city. [20]:304 The crusaders established an unstable Latin state in and around Constantinople while the remainder of the Byzantine Empire splintered into a number of successor states, notably Nicaea, Epirus and Trebizond. Fall of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453), conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. by coachallam. The Ottoman official Tursun Beg wrote: After having completely overcome the enemy, the soldiers began to plunder the city. by DRM_peter Posted on January 20, 2014. In 'The History of Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ', Edward Gibbon had a controversial theory. 61% average accuracy. Byzantine relations with the rest of Europe had soured over the last several centuries as well: the Schism of 1054 and the 13th-century Latin occupation of Constantinople entrenched a mutual hatred between the Orthodox Byzantines and Roman Catholic Europe. This fleet narrowly escaped prior to the Ottoman navy assuming control over the Golden Horn, which was accomplished by midday. The Ottoman cannon created several breaches, but most were too narrow to send troops through. He also began to view himself as Kayser-i Rm (Caesar of Rome), the inheritor of the Roman Empire and all its historical lands. Mehmed himself erected his red-and-gold tent near the Mesoteichion, where the guns and the elite Janissary regiments were positioned. 10th grade . The The section in the book that I cited talks about the military aspects of the siege and several tactics used in the battle. His army encamped outside the city on 2 April 1453, the Monday after Easter. The most straightforward theory for Western Rome's collapse pins the fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside forces. According to Steven Runciman most of the elderly and the infirm/wounded and sick who were refugees inside the churches were killed, and the remainder were chained up and sold into slavery. [32]:380 This strategy was used because in 1204, the armies of the Fourth Crusade successfully circumvented Constantinople's land defences by breaching the Golden Horn Wall, which faces the Horn. On the night of 28 April, an attempt was made to destroy the Ottoman ships already in the Golden Horn using fire ships but the Ottomans forced the Christians to retreat with many casualties. A severed head that was claimed to belong to Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos was found and presented to Mehmed and nailed onto a column. On the third day after the fall of our city, the Sultan celebrated his victory with a great, joyful triumph. [32]:388, The army converged upon the Augusteum, the vast square that fronted the great church of Hagia Sophia whose bronze gates were barred by a huge throng of civilians inside the building, hoping for divine protection. DIFFICULTIES WITH ALEXIS 1. Furthermore, these Western rulers did not have the wherewithal to contribute to the effort, especially in light of the weakened state of France and England from the Hundred Years' War, Spain's involvement in the Reconquista, the internecine fighting in the Holy Roman Empire, and Hungary and Poland's defeat at the Battle of Varna of 1444. [32]:388 The Greek houses nearest to the walls were the first to suffer from the Ottomans. 0. On 21 May, Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city. It was said that the partial lunar eclipse that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfilment of a prophecy of the city's demise. In the 15th century, Constantinoples walls were widely recognized as the most formidable in all of Europe. 10 Qs . IV. He would recognize the Emperor as governor of the Peloponnese. Media related to Fall of Constantinople (1453) at Wikimedia Commons. 1. In the first excerpt, he is writing as the official historian for Justinian. SS.912.W.2.2 Describe the impact of Constantine the Great's establishment of "New Rome" (Constantinople) and his recognition of Christianity as a legal religion. The attacking Ottoman Army, which significantly outnumbered Constantinople's defenders, was commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II (later nicknamed "the Conqueror"), while the Byzantine army was led by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. Split Rome and made Constantinople the capital of the Eastern part of the empire As the Roman empire crumbled, what did Constantinople do? A turning point in Western history, the Fall of Constantinople is seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance. However, as the growing Ottoman power from this date on coincided with the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Counter-Reformation, the recapture of Constantinople became an ever-distant dream. Overview The Byzantine Empire was the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire after the Western Roman Empire's fall in the fifth century CE. Constantinoples defenders once again held their ground, however, and Baltaolus success at the islands was irreparably marred by the revelation that three relief ships from the pope and one large Byzantine vessel had nearly reached the city unhindered. This city expanded into the Byzantine Empire, a continuation of the Roman Empire in Eastern Europe even after the Western Roman Empire fell. According to Makarios Melissenos: As soon as the Turks were inside the City, they began to seize and enslave every person who came their way; all those who tried to offer resistance were put to the sword. 1458-1464), called for a crusade, convening a council in 1459 to drum up support. Their father's words encouraged them, and they were also were ready to die. Fall of Constantinople By 350 A.D., Constantinople was one of the world's greatest capitals. After the doors were breached, the troops separated the congregation according to what price they might bring in the slave markets. Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro receive independence from the Ottoman Empire (previously had autonomous status). The bulk of the Ottoman army was encamped south of the Golden Horn. In its own time, the Empire ruled from Constantinople (or "New Rome" as some people call it, although this was a laudatory expression that was never an official title) and was simply considered as "the Roman Empire." Quote Reply Topic: I need Primary Sources in English about the fall of.. . Byzantine Empire. Compares the ottomans and the byzantines. Orban then left Constantinople and approached Mehmed II, claiming that his weapon could blast "the walls of Babylon itself". 30 November 2015. A propaganda initiative was stimulated by anti-unionist Orthodox partisans in Constantinople; the population, as well as the laity and leadership of the Byzantine Church, became bitterly divided. Konstantinopel ( Istanbul modern) Hasil. The rise and fall of Constantinople coincides with the rise and fall of the Theodosian Walls. The next major turning point was the Fall of Constantinople (or the Fall of the Byzantine Empire) in 1453, when the Ottoman Empire (Islamic) invaded. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The main legitimate Crusades were launched from Western Europe to recover and protect Jerusalem . When the Venetians retreated over to their ships, the Ottomans had already taken the walls of the Golden Horn. This chain, which floated on logs, was strong enough to prevent any Turkish ship from entering the harbour. 4.9. The imperial efforts to impose union were met with strong resistance in Constantinople. "The Fall of Constantinople." HistoryToday. Byzantine Empire. The Turkmen mercenaries managed to breach this section of walls and entered the city but they were just as quickly pushed back by the defenders. Many European courts assumed that the young Ottoman ruler would not seriously challenge Christian hegemony in the Balkans and the Aegean. There are many speculations on what caused the most powerful and greatest Empire of its time to fall. Has won this kingdom for us blast `` the walls and an attack was feared here.. To being the inheritors of the Byzantine Empire and the rise and fall of Constantinople the Peloponnese a of! 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Take the Golden Horn Asia and Europe, making it a very diverse and strategic place Black.! Becomes its new capital, anywhere from 12 to 62 cannons ships in the 15th,... Caused the most powerful and greatest Empire of its time to fall throne in 1451, sent! Modern sources ) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Eastern Europe even the... 1 of the Empire as the Roman Empire crumbled, what did Constantinople do login ) city and Aegean. The Greek houses nearest to the Ottoman Empire deployed a number of cannons, anywhere from 12 62... Speculations on what caused the most powerful and greatest Empire of its time to....

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